Whole antibodies have grabbed a
significant share of the global sales revenue as well as the volume of
the biopharmaceuticals market. But with recent research and development
efforts, it has come to light that the whole or full-length antibodies
may always not be needed, or sometimes may not be desirable even for
therapeutic use. Antibody fragments come in the picture at this point.
For example, anti-tumor antibodies are larger in size and therefore
can’t penetrate the tumor, thus affecting their therapeutic value in
tumor suppression. Antibodies are also inappropriate for intracellular
targeting sites because of their comparatively larger size. In this
case, antibody fragments having specific sequences for the target site
is used. Antibody fragments show enhanced penetration due to their
smaller size. Antibody fragments can bind at highly specific sites and
they can be manufactured or designed without the Fc region thus
eliminating immunogenicity. Also, the antibody fragments have low
manufacturing cost, high yield in production and extended therapeutic
uses.
Antibody Fragments Market: Segmentation
On the basis of product type, the antibody fragments market can be segmented into,
- F(ab) fragment
- F(ab’)2 fragment
On the basis of disease indication, the antibody fragments market can be segmented into,
- Cancer
- Immunodeficiencies
- Others
On the basis of region, the antibody fragments market can be segmented into,
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East Africa
Firstly, antibody fragments are segmented into F(ab) fragment and F(ab’)2.
A papain digestion of an antibody will yield two F(ab) fragments. F(ab)
fragment is a monovalent antibody structure devoid of the Fc region but
has an antigen binding site. The F(ab) fragments are used to block the
endogenous Ig’s-immunoglobulins. However, F(ab’)2 fragments
are obtained through the pepsin digestion of IgG antibody. This
digestion will remove most of the Fc region but will keep some of the
hinge region intact. This fragment has two antigen binding sites which
are attached by disulfide bonds. The F(ab’)2 fragments are
smaller in size and thus have better penetration. This antibody fragment
also has a better antigen recognition feature, as these antibody
fragments avoid unspecific binding. Both of these antibody fragments
provide better results in the immunohistochemistry applications.
Antibody fragments have a very vast range of therapeutic applications.
The field of antibody fragments applications is just the revised or
advanced version of monoclonal antibody therapeutic applications.
Antibody fragments are very useful in medical diagnostics; specific
antibody fragments are used for disease diagnosis. In some cases,
multiple antibody fragments are used to spot antigens specific to cause a
particular infectious disease. Antibody fragments are used to treat
many immune deficiencies, central nervous system disorders, and
cardiovascular diseases. Many antibody fragments are used to treat
colorectal cancer and breast cancer.
Antibody Fragments Market: Market Dynamics
With increasing incidences of various
types of cancers, infectious diseases and in turn immune deficiencies,
there is going to be an increasing demand for antibody fragments. Also,
an increase in geriatric population has been observed worldwide.
Therefore, looking at the application prospects of antibody fragments,
the market is likely to boom over the forecast period. Antibody
fragments are also expected to be preferred compared to full-chain
antibodies as the manufacturing and purification costs of antibody
fragments are less. Strict ICD-10 guidelines may restrain the use of
some antibody fragments for the treatment of a particular disease.
However, new developments in the clinical development of antibody
fragments for some of the deadliest diseases can give a massive
opportunity for the antibody fragments market over the forecast period.
Antibody Fragments Market: Region-wise Outlook and Key Players
The occurrence of cancer and other
immunodeficiencies are observed at a higher rate in North America
compared to other regions. North America and Europe spend a significant
amount of money on drugs and therapies related to cancer. It is
estimated that North America is the largest market for antibody
fragments, followed by Europe, trailed by Asia-Pacific, Latin America
and the Middle East and Africa. The key players in the antibody
fragments market are Novartis AG, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Johnson
& Johnson Services, Inc., Amgen Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company,
AbbVie Inc., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Sanofi, Biogen Inc.
and Eli Lilly and Co.
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