Antidiuretics are drugs used to control
water balance in individuals suffering from diabetes insipidus (DI).
Antidiuretic drug consist of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and use of
thiazide base diuretics. Antidiuretic hormone is commonly known as
arginine vasopressin. Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the posterior
pituitary gland. The rate of secretion of antidiuretic hormone is
controlled by osmoreceptors present in the hypothalamus. Increase in
contraction of plasma fluid leads to physiological stimuli for
antidiuretic hormone release.
Antidiuretics bind with receptor cells
present in the kidney and increase water reabsorption by stimulating
aquaporins present in membranes of kidney tubules. These aquaporins
transport solute free water from the tubules to the blood by decreasing
the osmolality of plasma cells. As the concentration of plasma cells
increases, the rate of antidiuretic hormone release increases in the
blood which increases reabsorption of water. This increases water
retention and urine concentration. Deficiency of antidiuretic hormones
causes two types of diabetes insipidus: cranial diabetes insipidus and
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The symptoms of diabetes insipidus are
increase in water intake to compensate the loss of water. In very rare
situations, diabetes insipidus can develop during pregnancy and lead to
gastrointestinal diabetes insipidus.
Cranial diabetes occurs when there is not
enough antidiuretic hormone present in the body to control urine
production. It is the most common type of diabetes insipidus which
occurs when the pituitary gland or the hypothalamus does not function
properly. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occurs when the kidneys fail to
function properly in the presence of antidiuretic hormone. It is caused
due to kidney malfunction. In order to treat diabetes insipidus,
desmopressin and vasopressin are used which replicate the function of
antidiuretic hormone function. The most common medications used for the
treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are thiazide diuretics,
which help to reduce the amount of urine produced by the kidney. The
inherited form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is due to mutation in
AVPR gene, in very rare cases approximately 10% of inherited diabetes
insipidus results from mutation in aquaporin 2 gene. The acquired form
of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can lead to cyst formation in the
kidney, high calcium levels in blood, and lead to kidney infections.
The prevalence rate of diabetes insipidus
in the U.S. is about 1 in 6,666, while the prevalence rate of diabetes
insipidus among general population is approximately 1 in 25,000
individuals.
Major drivers of the antidiuretics market
are growing awareness, rising prevalence of diabetes, increasing
geriatric population, increase in obesity in the young generation, and
government initiatives to promote research related to the study of
antidiuretics and its use to control diabetes insipidus. High cost
associated with the drug, stringent regulatory scenarios in drug
development, risk factors associated with antidiuretics such as
excessive bleeding, light headedness, and hematoma during collection of
blood sample from individuals on diuretics are likely to restrain the
antidiuretics market during the forecast period.
Geographically, the global antidiuretics
market has been segmented into five key regions: North America, Latin
America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Middle East & Africa. North
America leads the global antidiuretics market largely because of
increasing population, rising number of diabetic population, and growing
research activity. North America was closely followed by Europe and
Asia Pacific. Asia Pacific is an emerging market for antidiuretics
primarily because of increasing health care expenditure in the region
and rising demand.
Key players in the global antidiuretics
market are Pfizer, Novartis AG, F Hoffmann-La Roche, bioMérieux, Merck
& Co., Sanofi, Cayman Chemical, and JHP Pharmaceuticals LLC, and
others.
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